Advancements and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks: Optimizing Energy and Enhancing Security

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks have emerged as a transformative technology with a wide range of applications across diverse domains, including military operations, surveillance systems, and intelligent transportation. These networks comprise spatially distributed sensor nodes that collect, process, and transmit data, enabling real-time monitoring and decision-making. WSNs have had a significant impact on various fields, providing valuable insights from remote or inaccessible areas. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the advancements and applications of WSNs, with a particular focus on optimizing energy consumption and enhancing security features. Key application areas include battlefield surveillance, traffic monitoring, and infrastructure tracking. Techniques such as duty-cycling and data aggregation have been employed to optimize energy use, while cryptographic techniques and secure protocols have been developed to address security challenges. Simulation platforms like NS-2 and OMNET++ have been instrumental in supporting research and development in this domain. The paper concludes by highlighting future research opportunities in emerging technologies and robust protocols for WSNs.